Chemical pneumonitis

Causes and Risks:
Many household and industrial chemicals are capable of producing both an acute and a chronic form of inflammation in the lung. Acute chemical pneumonitis causes edema ( swelling ) of the lung tissue, the movement of fluid into the air spaces in the lung, and decreased ability to absorb oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. In severe cases, death may result from lack of oxygen reaching the tissues ( hypoxia ).

More common causes of the acute form are from hydrocarbon ingestion or inhalation. Chronic chemical pneumonitis follows low levels of exposure to the lung irritant over extended periods of time. This causes fibrosis (scarring) with decreased oxygen exchange and stiffening of the lung. Unchecked, this condition may ultimately lead to respiratory failure. Chemicals such as chlorine (produced in the home when some toilet bowl cleansers are inadvertently mixed with other chlorinated cleansers), beryllium (found in older style fluorescent light tubes), and methylene chloride (found in paint strippers) can cause chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis . Many other household chemicals can cause lung problems.

Prevention:
Household chemicals should be used only as directed and always in well-ventilated areas. Work rules regarding breathing masks should be followed and the appropriate breathing mask should be worn. Curious fire truck chasers should avoid watching chemical spills as industrial agents may cause pneumonitis.

Symptoms:
Acute :

Chronic :



Signs and Tests:
Tests used to determine the severity of lung involvement include:



Treatment:
Treatment is focused on reducing symptoms. Oxygen therapy may be helpful. Corticosteroids may be given to reduce inflammation.

Prognosis:
The outcome depends on the chemical agent involved, severity of exposure, and whether the problem is acute or chronic .

Complications:
Respiratory failure can occur.

Call Your Healthcare Provider:
Call your health care provider if you experience breathing difficulty after exposure (or possible exposure) to any sort of inhaled substance.


This is an illustration of the major features of the lungs and bronchial tree. The inset is of the alveoli. They are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged.