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 CholeraCauses and Risks:Cholera is an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea . The toxin released by the bacteria causes increased secretion of water and chloride ions in the intestine, which can produce massive diarrhea. Death can result from the severe dehydration brought on by the diarrhea. Cholera occurs in epidemics when conditions of poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine are present. Endemic areas include India, Asia, Africa, the Mediterranean, and more recently, South and Central America, Mexico, and the U.S.. The infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water. A type of vibrio also has been associated with shellfish , especially raw oysters. Risk factors include residence or travel in endemic areas and exposure to contaminated or untreated drinking water. The incidence is 1 out of 100,000 people. Prevention: A vaccine is available that gives short-lived, limited protection against the cholera bacteria. Booster doses are given every 6 months for people who remain in an area where cholera is a risk. Travelers should take precautions with food and drinking water, even if vaccinated. When outbreaks of cholera occur, efforts should be directed toward establishing clean water, food, and sanitation because vaccination is not very effective in managing outbreaks. Symptoms:
Note: Symptoms can vary from mild to severe.
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